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Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl is belonging to the family of tileaceae. It is a moderate sized tree; its barks are greyish black or brown thick. The pharmacological properties of Grewia tiliaefolia were well documented 11-13. Its bark is used externally to remove the irritation from cow-itch and to treat throat. The large flowering plant genus Grewia / ˈ ɡ r uː i ə / is today placed by most authors in the mallow family Malvaceae, in the expanded sense as proposed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.Formerly, Grewia was placed in either the family Tiliaceae or the Sparrmanniaceae.However, these were both not monophyletic with respect to other Malvales - as already indicated by the uncertainties.
Grewia | |
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Crossberry (Grewia occidentalis) | |
Scientificclassification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
(unranked): | Angiosperms |
(unranked): | Eudicots |
(unranked): | Rosids |
Order: | Malvales |
Family: | Malvaceae |
Subfamily: | Grewioideae |
Tribe: | Grewieae |
Genus: | L. |
Species | |
Numerous, see text | |
Synonyms | |
ArsisLour. BalmedaSteud. ChadaraForsk. ChadraT.Anders. (orth. var.) CharadraScop. (orth. var.) FallopiaLour. (nonAdans.: preoccupied) GraeviaNeck. GreuiaStokes. (orth. var.) GreviaL. (orth. var.) InodapnhisMiq. MallococcaJ.R.Forster &G.Forster SasaliAdans. SyphomerisSteud. TridermiaRafin. VincentiaBoj. VinticenaSteud. ViticenaBenth. (orth. var.) [1] |
Grewia damine flowers in Hyderabad, India.
Grewia flavescens flowers in Hyderabad, India.
Grewia tiliaefolia flowers in Hyderabad, India.
The large flowering plantgenusGrewia is todayplaced by most authors in the mallow familyMalvaceae, in the expanded sense as proposedby in the APG. Formerly, it was placedin either the linden family (Tiliaceae) or the Sparrmanniaceae. However, these wereboth not monophyletic with respect to other Malvales - as alreadyindicated by the uncertainties surrounding placement ofGrewia and similar genera - and have thus been merged intothe Malvaceae. Together with the bulk of the formerSparrmanniaceae, Grewia is in the subfamilyGrewioideae and thereinthe tribeGrewieae, of which it is the type genus.[2]
The genus was named by Carolus Linnaeus,in honor of the Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712) from England. Grew was one of theleading plant anatomists and microscope researchers of his time, and hisstudy of pollen laid thegroundwork for modern-day palynology.
Ecology anduses
G. scrabellum fruit with caterpillar.
Several Lepidopteracaterpillars are found to feed onGrewia species. These include the Common Nawab(Polyura athamas) and the swift mothEndoclitamalabaricus. The Bucculatricidaeleaf minerBucculatrix epibathra isapparently only found on G. tiliaefolia.
The parasitic waspAprostocetuspsyllidis of the Eulophidae occurs on and around Phalsa(G. asiatica). Its larvae are parasitoids of other insects - possibly pests of theplant, but this is not known for sure.
Several species, namely Phalsa, are known for their ediblefruit, which are of local commercial importance. The astringent and refreshingGrewiadrupes areparticularly popular in summertime. Folk medicine makes use of some species,which are reputed to cure upset stomachs and some skin andintestinal infections, and seem to have mild antibiotic properties. G. mollis isreputed to contain β-carbolinealkaloids[3], thoughwhether such compounds occur in other species too and whether theyare produced in quantities to render the plants psychoactive has not been thoroughlystudied.
Selectedspecies
- Grewia abutifolia (= G. sclerophyllaRoxb. ex G. Don, Sterculia tiliaceaLeveille)
- Grewiaasiatica – Phalsa, Falsa
- Grewia avellanaHiern. (= G.calycinaN.E.Br., G. hydrophilaK.Schum., G. perennansK.Schum.)
- Grewia bicolorJuss. (= G.distichaDinter & Burret, G.grisea, G. kwebensisN.E.Br., G.miniataMast. ex Hiern., G.mossambicensis)
- Grewia bilobaG.Don – Bilobed Grewia (=G. biloba var. glabrescens(Benth.)Rehder, G. glabrescensBenth.,G. parviflora var. glabrescens(Benth.)Rehder & E.H.Wilson)
- Grewia biloba var. microphylla(Maxim)Hand.-Mazz. (= G. parviflora var.microphyllaMaxim.)
- Grewia biloba var. parviflora(Bunge)Hand.-Mazz. (= G. chanetiiH.Lév.,G. parvifloraBunge, G. parvifloravar. velutinaPampanini)
- Grewia caffraMeisn. (= G.fruticetorumJ.R.Drummond ex Baker f.)
- Grewia calymmatosepalaK.Schum.
- Grewia celtidifolia Juss. (= G. asiatica var.celtidifolia(Jussieu) L.F.Gagnepain,G. simaoensisY.Y.Qian, G.yunnanensisH.T.Chang)
- Grewia ciclea – andilambarika (Malagasy)
- Grewia crenata(J.R.Forst.) Schinz &Guillaumin (= G. malococca, G. persicaefolia, G.prunifolia, Mallococca crenata) – au‘ere (Cook Islands),fau ui (Samoa), foui (Tonga)
- Grewia damineGaertn. (= G.salviifoliaB.Heyne ex Roth)
- Grewia eriocarpaJuss. (= G.boehmeriifoliaKanehira & Sasaki, G.elasticaRoyle, G. lantsangensisHu)
- Grewia flavaDC. (= G. canaSond., G. hermannioidesHarv.)
- Grewia flavescensJuss. (= G.flavescens var. longipedunculataBurret)
- Grewia glabraBlume – sometimesincluded in G. multiflora
- Grewia hexamitaBurret (= G.messinicaBurtt Davy & Greenway, G.schweickerdtiiBurret)
- Grewia hirsutaVahl.
- Grewia hornbyiWild
- Grewia inaequilateraGarcke
- Grewia lasiocarpaE.Mey. ex Harv.
- Grewia microthyrsaK.Schum. exBurret
- Grewia mollisJuss.
- Grewia monticolaSond. (= G.cordataN.E.Br., G. discolor,N.E.Br.)
- Grewia multifloraJuss. (= G.didymaRoxb. ex G.Don, G. dispermaRottler, G. guazumifoliaJuss., G. jinghongensisY.Y.Qian, G. oblongifoliaBlume, G. serrulataDC.)
- Grewia occidentalisL. –Crossberry
- Grewia olukondaeSchinz. (= G.flavescens var. olukondae(Schinz)Wild)
- Grewia optivaJ.R.Drumm. ex Burret (=G. oppositifoliaBuch.-Ham. ex D.Don)
- Grewia oxyphyllaBurret (= G.orientalisL.)
- Grewia pachycalyxK.Schum.
- Grewia retinervisBurret (= G.deserticolaUlbr.)
- Grewia retusifoliaKurz
- Grewia schinziiK.Schum. (= G.velutinissimaDunkley)
- Grewia similisK.Schum.
- Grewia stolziiUlbr.
- Grewia sulcataMast.
- Grewia tenax(Forssk.) (= ChadaratenaxForssk., G. populifoliaVahl)
- Grewia tiliifoliaVahl (= G.rotundaC.Y.Wu, G. tiliaefolia(lapsus), Tilia rotundaC.Y.Wu & H.T.Chang)
Formerlyplaced here
Some species once placed in Grewia (or generasynonymous with it) have since been moved elsewhere, particularlyto Microcos:[4]
Kleinhovia hospita was formerlyknown as Grewia meyeniana
- Alangium salviifolium (as G. salviifoliaL.f.)
- Dombeya boehmiana (as Vincentia boehmiana(F.Hoffm.) Burret)[5]
- Kleinhovia hospita (as G.meyeniana)
- Microcos chungii (as G. chungiiMerr.
- Microcos nervosa – possibly belongs in M.paniculata (as G. nervosa(Lour.)Panigrahi)
- Microcos paniculata (as G.microcosL. and possibly G. nervosa(Lour.) Panigrahi)
- Microcos triflora (as G. stylocarpaWarb. and G. stylocarpa var.longipetiolataMerr.)
- Trichospermum mexicanum (as G. mexicanaDC.)
Gallery
![Grewia titiaefoliae taxonomy list Grewia titiaefoliae taxonomy list](/uploads/1/2/5/8/125841621/300951027.png)
Grewia flavescens in Hyderabad, India. | Grewia flavescens in Hyderabad, India. | Grewia tiliifolia in Hyderabad, India. | Grewia damine in Hyderabad, India. | Grewia crenata foliage | Grewia tenax flower |
Footnotes
![Grewia titiaefoliae taxonomy list Grewia titiaefoliae taxonomy list](/uploads/1/2/5/8/125841621/939900733.jpg)
- ^Hinsley (2008a)
- ^Heywood et al. (2007)
- ^Brown (2001)
- ^Hinsley (2008a), USDA (2008a)
- ^Hinsley (2008b)
References
- Brown,Dan (2001): Angiosperm FamiliesContaining Beta-Carbolines. Version of 2001-OCT-04. Retrieved2008-JUN-25.
- Heywood, V.H.; Brummitt, R.K.;Culham, A. & Seberg, O. (2007): Flowering PlantFamilies of the World. Firefly Books, Richmond Hill, Ontario,Canada. ISBN 1-55407-206-9
- Hinsley, Stewart R.(2008a): Partial Synonymy ofGrewia. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.
- Hinsley, Stewart R.(2008b): Partial Synonymy ofDombeya. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.
- United StatesDepartment of Agriculture (USDA) (2007a): GermplasmResources Information Network - Grewia. Retrieved2008-JUN-25.
- United StatesDepartment of Agriculture (USDA) (2007b): USDA Plants Profile:Grewia. Retrieved 2008-JUN-25.
- Grewia in West African plants - A PhotoGuide.
(Redirected from Kruisbessie)
Grewia occidentalis | |
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Fruits | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Malvales |
Family: | Malvaceae |
Genus: | Grewia |
Species: | |
Binomial name | |
Grewia occidentalis | |
Synonyms | |
|
Grewia occidentalis, the crossberry, is a small, hardy, attractive tree indigenous to Southern Africa.[2]
Description[edit]
A small, scrambling, deciduous tree reaching a height of about 3m, its purple, star-shaped flowers appear in summer, followed by distinctive four-lobed berries (from where it gets its common names 'crossberry' and 'four-corner'). These shiny reddish-brown fruits remain on the tree for long periods and are favoured by fruit-eating birds. The simple leaves are shiny, deep green and sometimes slightly hairy.
Natural distribution[edit]
The natural range of this plant extends from Cape Town in the south, across South Africa, to Mozambique in the north and inland as far as Zimbabwe. Across this region, it can be found in a variety of habitats, from arid karoo to evergreenafro-montane forest and on wooded grasslands.
Growing Grewia occidentalis[edit]
This decorative garden plant tolerates both light frost and drought. It also grows in both full sun or shade. The root system is not aggressive and can therefore be planted near buildings and paving, and it is very good at attracting butterflies and birds to the garden.The crossberry is best propagated from seed, although even then it can be erratic, as usually the seed needs to pass through the gut of a monkey before germination commences.
The berries are eaten locally, either fresh and raw, fermented with traditional beer, or used with goats milk to make berry yoghurt.
References[edit]
- ^http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2833265
- ^'Grewia occidentalis | Plantz Africa'. www.plantzafrica.com. Retrieved 2017-08-04.
External links[edit]
Media related to Grewia occidentalis at Wikimedia Commons
- Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). 'Grewia occidentalis'. African plants – a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.
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